ΚΡΙΣΙΜΑ ΟΡΥΚΤΑ & ΠΡΩΤΕΣ ΥΛΕΣΟΡΥΚΤΟΣ ΠΛΟΥΤΟΣ ΔΙΕΘΝΩΣ

Searching for lithium deposits with satellites

In 2008 a tonne of lithium carbonate cost around $6,000. Now it would set you back more than $12,000


CORNWALL, a rugged peninsula
that forms Britain’s south-western extremity, has a history of mining going back thousands of years. Its landscape is dotted with the ruins of long-closed tin and copper mines, along with mountains of spoil from the extraction of china clay (also known as kaolin), a business that still clings to life today.

After Dunham,1978. http://projects.exeter.ac.uk/geomincentre/min1.htm

Cornwall is best known for its tin mining, which was in its heyday in the 19th century, as portrayed in the BBC’s recent Poldark series (see here). It has also produced substantial amounts of copper as well as 11 other metals and minerals in a history of mining and mineral extraction dating back thousands of years. The source of these riches is the Cornubian Orefield, the most intensely mineralised belt in the British Isles. The orefield is associated with the Cornubian Batholith, which extends some 200 km from Dartmoor to the Isles of Scilly, and was formed when molten granite masses forced their way up into the rocks above them between 300 and 270 million years ago. The heat from these cooling granites melted and altered the rocks around them, and sustained the flow of hot fluids rich in different minerals through the rocks, allowing them to escape through fractures and deposit the minerals as they cooled.

Cornwall landscape is dotted with the ruins of long-closed tin and copper mines

Lithium in Cornish granites. In 1978, in an investigation into the occurrence of lithium in the UK, Beer and his co-authors found that the greatest known lithium enrichments in Britain are associated with the Cornish granites. Most lithium occurs within the mica minerals but the authors concluded that the ore was not present in economic quantities.

In 2011, a study at Camborne School of Mines  looked at the lithium potential of the mica-rich waste tailings from opencast China Clay extraction from the St Austell granite. The advantages of this would be that the rock has already been mined, reducing the cost of extraction, and re-using waste materials makes good environmental sense. A sample was found to contain 0.84% lithium oxide. A web search indicates that a concentration greater than 1% lithium oxide is required to be economic in today’s markets (although it must be noted that as the price of lithium increases, and technologies to extract it improve, this percentage will reduce). Any production by this method would clearly be limited by the amount of China Clay extracted.

Now, though, prospectors are back on the ground. Or, rather, they aren’t. Instead, they are peering down from space. And what they are searching for is not tin, nor copper nor kaolin, but a material that has come into demand only recently: lithium.

The high-flying prospectors in question are a group led by Cristian Rossi, an expert on remote sensing, which has been organised under the auspices of the curiously named Satellite Applications Catapult, an innovation centre backed by the British government. The plan is to use satellites already in orbit to detect and map geological and botanical features that might betray the presence of subterranean lithium. Though satellite prospecting of this sort has been employed before, to look for metals such as gold and copper, using it to search for lithium

The searchers are not searching blind. They know, from mining records dating from the mid-1800s, that there is lithium in Cornwall’s rocks. Those records tell of underground springs containing salts of lithium—at that time quite a recently discovered element. Back then these springs were seen, at best, as curiosities, and at worst as flooding risks, because there was then no market for the metal. Today, there is. In particular, lithium is the eponymous component of lithium-ion batteries. These power products ranging from smartphones to electric cars, and are being tested as a means of grid-scale electricity storage which could make the spread of renewable energy much easier. No surprise, then, that prices have been rising. In 2008 a tonne of lithium carbonate cost around $6,000. Now it would set you back more than $12,000.

This price is less a reflection of lithium’s overall scarcity than of the rarity of good, mineable deposits of lithium compounds. (Like most metals, it does not occur naturally in its elemental form.) At the moment, the best workable supplies are in Australia, South America and China. But mining companies are eager to discover others.

Dr Rossi’s team intend to use satellite cameras, both optical and infra-red, and also satellite-borne radar, to look for mineral formations caused by hot liquids reacting with existing rock, and for rock fractures that could act as channels for lithium-bearing brine. They will, as well, record anomalies in vegetation that might be the result of lithium-rich soils, or of hot springs that might contain the element.

The acid test, though, will be to drill where the map thus generated suggests. One group member is ready for that. Cornish Lithium is a newly created firm that has already secured various mineral rights to explore for lithium, and to extract it.

This extraction would not, however, be carried out in the way that it is in the Atacama Desert of Chile, where one of the largest lithium mines in the world prepares lithium salts by drying out vast lakes of brine in the sun.

As tourists to Cornwall know all too well, the sun is not to be relied on there. Instead, Cornish Lithium says it will use special filtration techniques called reverse osmosis and ion-exchange to extract and purify lithium compounds from any brine that it finds.

If the experiment in Cornwall proves a success the system could, Dr Rossi reckons, be used to search for lithium in other places. One target would be Chile’s neighbour, Bolivia, which is reckoned to have some of the biggest but still largely untapped deposits of lithium in the world.

Any find in Cornwall is likely to be tiny by comparison. But if such a find were made there would be a nice symmetry to it, as one of the world’s oldest mining centres became also one of its newest.

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